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Albanian Dictator Enver Hoxha |
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Enver Hoxha (albanian dictator)
(1908 - 1985) |
 Enver
Hoxha eshte historia jone. Vizioni i
tij per sllavet e Jugut eshte
realitet i diteve tona. Jo
rastesisht Enveri e permend se pari
luginen e Vardarit. Jo rastesisht ja
nis "QE NGA SHKUPI DHE KACANIKU"
pasi vetem xhaxhi Enver e ka kuptuar
rendesine e pozites gjeostrategjike
te interesave te krejt shqiptareve
ne Ballkan. |
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Albanian Dictator Enver Hoxha |
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Background and early political career |
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Enver HOXHA (born
Oct. 16, 1908, Gjirokaster, Alb.--d. April 11, 1985,
Tirane), the first communist chief of state of
Albania. |
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Enver Hoxha (born Oct. 16, 1908, Gjirokaster,
Alb.--d. April 11, 1985, Tirane), the first
communist chief of state of Albania. As that
country's ruler for 40 years after World War
II, he forced its transformation from a
semifeudal relic of the Ottoman Empire into
an industrialized economy with the most
tightly controlled society in Europe. Hoxha,
the son of a Muslim cloth merchant, studied
at the French lycŚe at Kor and reportedly
also at the American Technical School in
Tiran. In 1930 he went on a state
scholarship to the University of
Montpellier, France, and then from 1934 to
1936 he was a secretary at the Albanian
consulate general in Brussels and studied
law at the university there. Returning to
Albania in 1936, he became a teacher at his
old school in KorcŌ. In 1939, when Italy
invaded Albania, Hoxha was dismissed from
his teaching post for refusing to join the
newly formed Albanian Fascist Party, and he
opened a retail tobacco store at Tiran,
which became headquarters for a communist
cell. After Germany invaded Yugoslavia in
1941, Yugoslav communists helped Hoxha found
the Albanian Communist Party (afterward
called the Party of Labour). Hoxha became
first secretary of the party's Central
Committee and political commissar of the
communist-dominated Army of National
Liberation. He was prime minister of Albania
from its liberation in 1944 until 1954,
simultaneously holding the ministry of
foreign affairs from 1946 to 1953. As first
secretary of the Party of Labour's Central
Committee, he retained effective control of
the government until his death. Albania's
economy was revolutionized under Hoxha's
long rule. Farmland was confiscated from
wealthy landowners and gathered into
collective farms that eventually enabled
Albania to become almost completely
self-sufficient in food crops. Industry,
which had previously been almost
nonexistent, received huge amounts of
investment, so that by the 1980s it had
grown to contribute more than half of the
gross national product. Electricity was
brought to every rural district, epidemics
of disease were stamped out, and illiteracy
became a thing of the past. In order to
enforce his radical program, however, Hoxha
resorted to brutal Stalinist tactics. His
government imprisoned, executed, or exiled
thousands of landowners, rural clan leaders,
Muslim and Christian clerics, peasants who
resisted collectivization, and disloyal
party officials. Private property was
confiscated by the state; all churches,
mosques, and other religious institutions
were closed; and all cultural and
intellectual endeavours were put at the
service of socialism and the state. As
ardent a nationalist as he was a communist,
Hoxha excoriated any communist state that
threatened his power or the sovereignty of
Albania. In 1948 he broke relations with
Yugoslavia and formed an alliance with the
Soviet Union. After the death of the Soviet
leader Joseph Stalin, for whom Hoxha held a
lifelong admiration, his relations with
Nikita Khrushchev deteriorated until Hoxha
broke with him completely in 1961. He then
forged close ties with China, breaking with
that country in turn in 1978 after the death
of Mao Zedong and China's rapprochement with
the West. From then on, Hoxha spurned all
the world's major powers, declaring that
Albania would become a model socialist
republic on its own. In order to ensure the
succession of a younger generation of
leaders, Hoxha in 1981 ordered the execution
of several leading party and government
officials. |
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Figura tjera Historike Shqiptare |
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Albania |
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Albania is located in the western part of the Balkan peninsula. It
borders the former Yugoslavia (Serbia - Montenegro) and
Kosova
in the north and the east, (FYR of)
Macedonia in the
east, and Greece in the south. It has access to the
Adriatic and Ionian Seas in the west. From the Strait of
Otranto, Albania is less than 100 km (60 miles) from Italy.
The country covers a total of 28,000 squared kilometers
(11,000 squared miles) and its population is 3.3 million. |
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